Rayleigh-Taylor#

The rt setup initializes a single-mode Rayleigh-Taylor instability.

To start, let’s just run with problem with the compressible solver and look at the default parameters.

[2]:

p = Pyro("compressible")
p.initialize_problem("rt")
print(p)

Solver = compressible
Problem = rt
Simulation time = 0.0
Simulation step number = 0

Runtime Parameters
------------------
compressible.cvisc = 0.1
compressible.delta = 0.33
compressible.grav = -1.0
compressible.limiter = 2
compressible.riemann = HLLC
compressible.small_dens = -1e+200
compressible.small_eint = -1e+200
compressible.use_flattening = 1
compressible.z0 = 0.75
compressible.z1 = 0.85
driver.cfl = 0.8
driver.fix_dt = -1.0
driver.init_tstep_factor = 0.01
driver.max_dt_change = 2.0
driver.max_steps = 10000
driver.tmax = 3.0
driver.verbose = 0
eos.gamma = 1.4
io.basename = rt_
io.do_io = 0
io.dt_out = 0.1
io.force_final_output = 0
io.n_out = 100
mesh.grid_type = Cartesian2d
mesh.nx = 64
mesh.ny = 192
mesh.xlboundary = periodic
mesh.xmax = 1.0
mesh.xmin = 0.0
mesh.xrboundary = periodic
mesh.ylboundary = hse
mesh.ymax = 3.0
mesh.ymin = 0.0
mesh.yrboundary = hse
particles.do_particles = 0
particles.n_particles = 100
particles.particle_generator = grid
rt.amp = 0.25
rt.dens1 = 1.0
rt.dens2 = 2.0
rt.p0 = 10.0
rt.sigma = 0.1
sponge.do_sponge = 0
sponge.sponge_rho_begin = 0.01
sponge.sponge_rho_full = 0.001
sponge.sponge_timescale = 0.01
vis.dovis = 0
vis.store_images = 0

/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.11/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pyro/compressible/problems/rt.py:71: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in divide
  0.5*(xmom[:, :]**2 + ymom[:, :]**2)/dens[:, :]

We see the default grid is $64\times 192$ zones, periodic in the $x$ direction, and hydrostatic boundary conditions vertically. We note that the HSE BCs are not designed for the 4th order solvers, so we will need to switch to reflecting boundaries for that solver.

Now we can run and look at the output. This can take a while…

[3]:

p.run_sim()
p.sim.dovis()

<Figure size 640x480 with 0 Axes>

Comparisons#

To speed up the comparison, we’ll use a coarser grid. The amount of work in 2D scales like $\mathcal{O}(N^3)$ (where the additional power comes from the timestep constraint). So cutting the number of zones in half will run 8 times faster.

We’ll append the Pyro objects to the runs list as we do the simulations.

[4]:

runs = []
solvers = ["compressible", "compressible_rk", "compressible_fv4"]

We’ll override the default number of cells for the rt problem to make it smaller (and run faster).

[5]:

params = {"mesh.nx": 32, "mesh.ny": 96}

Now we loop over the solvers, setup the Pyro object and run the simulations.

[6]:

for s in solvers:
    p = Pyro(s)
    extra_params = {}
    if s == "compressible_fv4":
        extra_params = {"mesh.ylboundary": "reflect", "mesh.yrboundary": "reflect"}
    p.initialize_problem(problem_name="rt", inputs_dict=params|extra_params)
    p.run_sim()
    runs.append(p)

/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.11/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pyro/compressible/problems/rt.py:71: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in divide
  0.5*(xmom[:, :]**2 + ymom[:, :]**2)/dens[:, :]
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.11/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pyro/compressible_rk/problems/rt.py:71: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in divide
  0.5*(xmom[:, :]**2 + ymom[:, :]**2)/dens[:, :]
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.11/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pyro/compressible_fv4/problems/rt.py:71: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in divide
  0.5*(xmom[:, :]**2 + ymom[:, :]**2)/dens[:, :]

Finally, we’ll plot them. We’ll just look at the density and put them all on the same set of axes. Since our data is stored as $\rho (x,y)$, imshow() will want to put $x$ on the vertical axis, so we transpose the data before plotting. We also want to exclude the ghost cells, so we use rho.v().

[7]:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import ImageGrid

[8]:

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
grid = ImageGrid(fig, 111, nrows_ncols=(1, len(runs)), axes_pad=0.1,
                 share_all=True, cbar_mode="single", cbar_location="right")

for ax, s, p in zip(grid, solvers, runs):
    rho = p.get_var("density")
    g = p.get_grid()
    im = ax.imshow(rho.v().T,
                   extent=[g.xmin, g.xmax, g.ymin, g.ymax],
                   origin="lower", vmin=0.9, vmax=2.1)
    ax.set_title(s, fontsize="small")
grid.cbar_axes[0].colorbar(im)

[8]:

<matplotlib.colorbar.Colorbar at 0x7f4633e33090>

We see that the 4th order solver has more structure at fine scales (this becomes even more apparently at higher resolutions).

Kelvin-Helmholtz#

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability arises from a shear layer. McNally et al. 2012 describe a version of KH that is boosted, to understand how numerical dissipation affects the growth of the instability. The initial conditions set up a heavier fluid moving in the negative x-direction sandwiched between regions of lighter fluid moving in the positive x-direction. A bulk velocity can be applied in the vertical direction.

Again, we’ll start by looking at the defaults.

[9]:

p = Pyro("compressible")
p.initialize_problem("kh")
print(p)

Solver = compressible
Problem = kh
Simulation time = 0.0
Simulation step number = 0

Runtime Parameters
------------------
compressible.cvisc = 0.1
compressible.delta = 0.33
compressible.grav = 0.0
compressible.limiter = 2
compressible.riemann = HLLC
compressible.small_dens = -1e+200
compressible.small_eint = -1e+200
compressible.use_flattening = 1
compressible.z0 = 0.75
compressible.z1 = 0.85
driver.cfl = 0.8
driver.fix_dt = -1.0
driver.init_tstep_factor = 0.01
driver.max_dt_change = 2.0
driver.max_steps = 5000
driver.tmax = 2.0
driver.verbose = 0
eos.gamma = 1.4
io.basename = kh_
io.do_io = 0
io.dt_out = 0.1
io.force_final_output = 0
io.n_out = 10000
kh.bulk_velocity = 0.0
kh.rho_1 = 1
kh.rho_2 = 2
kh.u_1 = -0.5
kh.u_2 = 0.5
mesh.grid_type = Cartesian2d
mesh.nx = 64
mesh.ny = 64
mesh.xlboundary = periodic
mesh.xmax = 1.0
mesh.xmin = 0.0
mesh.xrboundary = periodic
mesh.ylboundary = periodic
mesh.ymax = 1.0
mesh.ymin = 0.0
mesh.yrboundary = periodic
particles.do_particles = 0
particles.n_particles = 100
particles.particle_generator = grid
sponge.do_sponge = 0
sponge.sponge_rho_begin = 0.01
sponge.sponge_rho_full = 0.001
sponge.sponge_timescale = 0.01
vis.dovis = 0
vis.store_images = 0

Now let’s run the different solvers with a bulk velocity of 3

[10]:

runs = []
solvers = ["compressible", "compressible_rk", "compressible_fv4"]
params = {"mesh.nx": 96, "mesh.ny": 96,
          "kh.bulk_velocity": 3.0}

[11]:

for s in solvers:
    p = Pyro(s)
    p.initialize_problem(problem_name="kh", inputs_dict=params)
    p.run_sim()
    runs.append(p)

[12]:

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
grid = ImageGrid(fig, 111, nrows_ncols=(1, len(runs)), axes_pad=0.1,
                 share_all=True, cbar_mode="single", cbar_location="right")

for ax, s, p in zip(grid, solvers, runs):
    rho = p.get_var("density")
    g = p.get_grid()
    im = ax.imshow(rho.v().T,
                   extent=[g.xmin, g.xmax, g.ymin, g.ymax],
                   origin="lower", vmin=0.9, vmax=2.1)
    ax.set_title(s, fontsize="small")
grid.cbar_axes[0].colorbar(im)

[12]:

<matplotlib.colorbar.Colorbar at 0x7f4631a5b090>

Here we see that for the second-order solvers, the growth of the instability at the top interface is very diffusive. It is better in the unsplit CTU version than in the Runge-Kutta solver.

The 4th order compressible solver looks the best, with well-defined rolls on both the top and bottom interface. This solver does even better at higher resolution–when the resolution is coarse, the averaging of the initial conditions from cell-centers to cell-averages in the 4th order solver seems to smear the perturbation out more.